Compounds and methods for treatment of asthma, allergy and inflammatory disorders

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides 1,4 substituted piperazines, 1,4 substituted piperidines, and 1-substituted, 4-alkylidenyl piperidines compounds. The compounds of the invention are dual acting molecules having both leukotriene inhibition properties as well as antihistaminergic properties. The compounds of the invention are useful for treating conditions in which there is likely to be a histamine and/or leukotriene component. These conditions include preferably asthma, seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, sinusitus, conjunctivitis, food allergy, scombroid poisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obsructive pulmonary disease, thrombotic disease and otitis media. Also provided are methods of treating asthma and rhinitis by administering an effective asthma and rhinitis-relieving amount of the compounds to a subject in need thereof.

This application is a 35 USC §371 of international patent applicationNo. PCT/BE00/00026, filed on Mar. 23, 2000, which claims priority toU.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/126,521, filed Mar. 26, 1999,the disclosure of which are explicitly incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the field of 1,4 substituted piperazines, 1,4substituted piperidines, and 1-substituted, 4-alkylidenyl piperidines.

2. Summary of the Related Art

Leukotrienes arc potent local mediators, playing a major role ininflammatory and allergic responses including arthritis, asthma,psoriasis, and thrombotic disease. Leukotrienes are straight chaineicosanoids produced by the oxidation of arachidonic acid bylipoxygenases. Arachidonic acid is oxidized by 5-lipoxygenase andultimately converted to leukotrienes A4, B4, C4, D4 or E4.15-lipoxygenase is responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid tovarious biologically active metabolites including15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). Both of thesemediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of airway andallergic diseases such as asthma by contributing to bronchoconstriction,mucus secretion, and eosinophil migration. A mixture of one or more ofsuch leukotrienes are known to be potent bronchoconstrictors. Thus,leukotrienes have been shown to play an important role in the pathologyof asthma. Rigorous proof for the role of leukotrienes in asthma hasbeen provided by several pivotal clinical trials in which orallyadministered 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors (or LTD4 receptorantagonists) produce clear therapeutic benefit in asthma patients. Thesebenefits include reduction in the use of classic asthma therapies suchas beta agonists and corticosteroids.

It is well known in the art that certain hydroxyurea- andhydroxyamide-substituted aromatic compounds can function as 5-LOinhibitors. For example, WO 92,09567 and WO 92109566 disclose a widevariety of N-hydroxyurea and hydroxamic acid compounds as inhibitors ofthe lipoxygenase enzyme.

Histamine has been established to play a role in inflammation ingeneral. Antihistamines are well established most notably for allergycontrol. Furthermore, histamine is believed to play a role in asthma.For example, histamine and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cLT's) are both knownto be key mediators in airway tone. Clinical studies have shown that acombination therapy of a cLT receptor antagonist and an antihistamineadministered to twelve asthma patients, reduced early asthmaticresponses EAR) and late asthmatic responses (LAR) to a greater extentthan either single-acting agent alone (A. Roquet, et al., Am. J. RespirCrit. Care Med, 155, 1856 (1997)). This indicates that histamine plays arole in asthma.

It is well known that certain [bis(substituted and/or unsubstitutedaryl) methyl- and methylene]-1-piperidyl compounds possessantihistaminergic activity, and numerous publications disclose such. Forexample, Yanni et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,810,713 and 4,950,674) disclose[[bis(aryl)methyl- or methylene-]-1-piperidinyl]alkoxy-aryl and-heteroaryl compounds for the treatment of allergic phenomena, includingasthma and rhinitis. Teng et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,087) disclose[bis(aryl)methyl- and methylene]-N-[(phenoxy andphenylthio)alkyl]piperidines for countering effects of histamine inallergies.

Others have shown [bis(aryl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl compounds for use asantiasthmatics and antiallergics that inhibit leukotriene release (e.g.,JP 97077754). U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,358 teaches2-[4-(diphenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-acetic acid and its amides asantiallergic, spasmolytic, and antihistamine agents. JP 7138230discloses 4-aralkyl-1-piperazinyl-unsaturated carboxylic acidderivatives useful an antiallergic agents for the treatment of, forexample, asthma and rhinitis. WO 97/23466 describes the preparation ofN-diarylmethylpiperazines as analgesics.

None of the art, however, teaches, suggests, or contemplates combiningthe 5-LO and 15-LO inhibiting functionality of hydroxyurea moieties withthe antihistaminergic properties of [bis(substituted and/orunsubstituted aryl) methyl- and methylene]-1-piperidyl or -1-piperazinylmoieties in a single entity to yield a compound possessing the dualfunctions as an antihistaminergic and a 5-LO/15-LO inhibitor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel compounds having dual properties,each compound possessing both lipoxygenase inhibition properties as wellas antihistaminergic properties. In a preferred embodiment, each of thenovel compounds of the invention functions as both a 5-LO and/or 15-LOinhibitor as well as a histamine H1 receptor antagonist.

The compounds of the invention are useful for treating conditions inwhich there is likely to be a histamine and/or leukotriene componentThese conditions include preferably asthma, seasonal and perennialallergic rhinitis, sinusitus, conjunctivitis, food allergy, scombroidpoisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis,inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,thrombotic disease and otitis media Accordingly, the invention alsoprovides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of theinvention and methods of treating asthma and rhinitis with thepharmaceutical compositions.

The compounds disclosed herein can also be used as research tools tostudy biological pathways involving both leukotrienes and histamine and,in particular, further elucidate the role histamine plays inbronchoconstriction.

All patent applications, patents, and other publications recited hereinare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 displays the synthesis of compound 1.

FIG. 2 displays the synthesis of compound 12.

FIG. 3 displays the synthesis of compound 17.

FIG. 4 displays the synthesis of compound 35 and 36.

FIG. 5 displays the synthesis of compound 37.

FIG. 6 displays the synthesis of compound 80.

FIG. 7 displays the synthesis of compound 32.

FIG. 8 displays the synthesis of compound 46.

FIG. 9 displays the synthesis of compound 27.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The Compounds

In one aspect, the present invention comprises compounds of formula I,including geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates,and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein:

-   -   X and X′ independently are hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl,        alkynyl, alkoxy, trifuoromethyl or —(Y′)_(m′)—W′;    -   G and G′ together form    -   D is —CH═ or ═N—;    -   R¹ and R² independently are hydrogen or together are —(CH₂)_(n)—        in which n is equal to 0, 1, 2, or 3;    -   m and m′ are independently 0 or 1;    -   Y and Y′ are -L¹- or -L²-V(Z)_(t)-L³- in which t is 0 or 1;    -   L¹ is alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the foregoing        in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—, —S—,        —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q)—, or —N(R³)—;    -   L² is (a) alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the        foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—,        —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q′)-, or —N(R⁴)—, or (b)        -L⁴-C(O)—N(Q′)- or -L⁴(Q′)-, or (c) a direct bond;    -   L³ is (a) alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the        foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—,        —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q″)-, or —N(R⁵)—, or (b) a direct bond;    -   L⁴ is (a) alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the        foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—,        —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q″)-, or —N(R⁵)—, or (b) a direct bond;    -   V is (a) a divalent arene, a divalent heteroarene, or a divalent        saturated heterocycle when t is 0, or (b) a trivalent arene or        trivalent heteroarene when t is 1;    -   Q, Q′, and Q″ independently are hydrogen, -AC(O)OR⁶, or        -AC(O)NR⁶R⁷;    -   W and W′ independently are —N(OM)C(O)N(R⁸)R⁹, —N(R⁸)C(O)N(OM)R⁹,        —N(OM)C(O)R⁸, —C(O)NR₈R⁹, or —C(O))OR⁸, provided that at least        one of W and W′ is —N(OM)C(O)N(R⁸)R⁹, —N(R⁸)C(O)N(OM)R⁹, or        —N(OM)C(O)R⁸.    -   Z is -A″N(OM′)C(O)N(R¹⁰)R¹¹, -A″N(R¹⁰)C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹,        -A″N(OM′)C(O)R¹¹, -A′C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹, -A′C(O)NR¹⁰CR¹¹,        -A′C(O)OR¹⁰, halo, CH₃, NR³R⁴, NR³C(O)R⁴, NO₂, CN, CF₃,        S(O)₂NR³R⁴, S(O)₂R³, SR³, or S(O)R³.    -   A, A′ and A″ independently are a direct bond, alkylene,        alkenylene, alkynylene, yloalkylaryl, yloarylalkyl, or        diyloalkylarene or one of the foregoing in which one or more        methylenes are replaced by —O—, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)₂—        and/or one or more methylidenes are replaced by ═N—;    -   M and M′ independently are hydrogen, a pharmaceutically        acceptable cation, or a metabolically cleavable group; and

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ are independently hydrogen,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, alkylarylalkyl, orone of the foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by—O—, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)— and/or one or more methylidenes arereplaced by N—;

-   -   provided that, other than the oxygens bound to the sulfurs in        —S(O)— and —S(O)₂—, when one or more methylenes are replaced        with —O—, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)₂— and when one or more        methylidenes are replaced with ═N—, such replacement does not        result in two heteroatoms being covalently bound to each other;    -   and further provided that when m is 0, W is not —C(O)NR³R⁹, or        —C(O)OR⁸,    -   and further provided that in the substituent -AC(O)OR₆, R₆        cannot be hydrogen when A is a direct bond.

Preferably, compounds of the present invention are those having formulaI′:

and the geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each of the variablesis as defined above, except that:

-   -   X and X′ independently are hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl,        alkyl, alkoxy, or trifluoromethyl; and    -   W is —N(OM)C(O)N(R⁸)R⁹, —N(R⁸)C(O)N(OM)R⁹, or —N(OM)C(O)R⁸.

In another preferred embodiment, the compounds of the present inventionare given by formula I″:

and the geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein each of the variablesis as defined above.

In other preferred embodiments, compounds of formula I are representedby the following formulas, II and III:

and the geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each of the variablesis as defined above.

More preferred embodiments of the compounds of formula II and III andthe geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are those wherein each of thevariables is as defined above except that:

-   1. X is —Cl, X′ is hydrogen, m is 1 and W is —N(OH)C(O)NH₂;-   2. X is —Cl, X′ is hydrogen, m is 1, Y is -L′-, wherein L¹ is    alkynylene, yloalkoxy, or yloalkoxyalkyl;-   3. X is —Cl, X′ is hydrogen, m is 1, Y is -L²-V(Z)_(t)-L³-, t is 0,    V is 1,4-phenylene or 1,3-phenylene, L² is yloalkoxy, and L³ is    alkylene, alkenylene, or alkynylene;-   4. X is —Cl, X′ is hydrogen, m is 1, Y is -L²⁻V(Z)_(t)-L³-, t is 0,    V is 2,5-furylene, L² is alkylene, and L³ is alkylene, alkenylene,    or alkynylene; or-   5. X is —Cl, X′ is hydrogen, m is 1, Y is -L²-V(Z)_(t)-L³-, t is 1,    L² is yloalkoxy, V is trivalent heteroarene, Z is -A′C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ or    -A′C(O)OR¹⁰ and W is —N(OH)C(O)NH₂.-   6. X and X′ are F, m is 1, Y is -L²⁻V(Z)_(t)-L³-, t is 0, V is    1,4-phenylene or 1,3-phenylene, L² is yloalkoxy, and L³ is alkylene,    alkenylene, or alkynylene;-   Compounds of the invention include those shown in TABLE I as    follows:

MS CPD STEREO MELTING OBS # STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY SALT POINT MASS LOGPNAME 1

CHIRAL R 3.07 N-{[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy) phenyl]methyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 2

CHIRAL R 2.72 N-{[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] methyl}aminocarbonylamino aminooate 3

CHIRAL R 3.62 N-{[4-(3-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}prop-1-ynyl) phenyl]methyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 4

CHIRAL R 3.27 N-{[4-(3-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}prop-1-ynyl) phenyl]methyl}aminocar- bonylamino aminooate 5

CHIRAL R 3.18 N-{[3-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] methyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 6

CHIRAL R 2.82 N-{[3-(2-(4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] methyl}aminocarbonylamino aminooate 7

CHIRAL R 3.08 N-{[2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] methyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 8

CHIRAL R 3.62 N-{[3-(3-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}prop-1-ynyl) phenyl]methyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 9

CHIRAL R 1.76 N-(4-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}but-2-ynyl) amino-N-hydroxyamide 10

3.65 amino-N-{4-[4-(8-chloro (5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11- ylidene))piperidyl]but-2- ynyl}-N-hydroxyamide 11

RACEMATE 3.18 amino-N-{[4-(2-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] ethyl}-N-hydroxyamide 12

CHIRAL R 533.3 4.19 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 13

CHIRAL R 3.98 N-{[4-(3-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}propyl)phenyl] methyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 14

RACEMATE 1.65 tert-butyl 2-{2-[4-({4- [(aminohydroxycarbonyl-amino)methyl]phenyl} phenylmethyl)piperazinyl] ethoxy}acetate 15

RACEMATE 2.77 tert-butyl 2-{2-[4-({4- [4-(aminohydroxycarbonyl-amino)but-1-ynyl]phenyl} phenylmethyl)piperazinyl] ethoxy}acetate 16

1.33 amino-N-(4-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazinyl}but-2-ynyl)-N- hydroxyamide 17

CHIRAL R 148-150 536.64 4.55 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] butyl}amino-N-hydroxyamide 18

RACEMATE 1.05 amino-N-[2-(2-{4-[(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy) ethyl]-N-hydroxyamide 19

CHIRAL R 2.37 N-(4-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}butyl) amino-N-hydroxyamide 20

RACEMATE 2 HCl −0.04 2-{2-[4-({4-[(aminohydroxy- carbonylamino)methyl]phenyl}phenylmethyl) piperazinyl]ethoxy} acetic acid 21

RACEMATE 2 HCl 1.08 2-{2-[4-({4-[4-(amino- hydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]phenyl}phenylmethyl) piperazinyl]ethoxy} acetic acid 22

CHIRAL R 1.34 N-[2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)ethyl] amino-N-hydroxyamide 23

CHIRAL R 533.2 4.19 N-{4-[3-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 24

CHIRAL R 509.2 3.82 N-{[3-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] methyl}(methyl(hydroxy- amino))carbox amide25

CHIRAL S 1.34 N-[2-(2-{4-[(1S)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)ethyl] amino-N-hydroxyamide 26

CHIRAL R 455 2.44 N-{[5-({4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}methyl)(2-furyl)] methyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 27

CHIRAL R 493.2 3.45 N-{4-[5-({4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}methyl)(2-furyl)] but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 28

RACEMATE 2 TFA 480.2 1.08 2-{2-[4-({4-[4-(amino-hydroxycarbonylamino)but- 1-ynyl]phenyl}phenylmethyl)piperazinyl]ethoxy} acetic acid 29

RACEMATE 2 TFA 442.2 −0.04 2-{2-[4-({4-[(aminohydroxy-carbonylamino)methyl] phenyl}phenylmethyl) piperazinyl]ethoxy} aceticacid 30

503.4 3.93 amino-N-[4-(3-(2-[4- (diphenylmethyl)piperazinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)butyl]-N- hydroxyamide 31

CHIRAL R 537.1 4.64 N-{4-[3-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] butyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 32

557.14 6.08 amino-N-[4-(4-{2-[4-(8- chloro[5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen- 11-ylidene))piperidyl]ethoxy}phenyl)but-3-ynyl]- N-hydroxyamide 33

MIXTURE 493.2 3.48 N-{3-[5-({4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}methyl) (2-furyl)]-1-methylprop-2- ynyl}amino-N-hydroxyamide34

494 3.03 amino-N-{4-[5-({4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]piper-azinyl}methyl)(2-furyl)]but- 3-ynyl}-N-hydroxyamide 35

CHIRAL R 156-158 575.45 3.14 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5- [4-(aminohydroxycarbonyl-amino)but-1-ynyl]benzamide 36

CHIRAL R 591.1 4.33 methyl 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]benzoate 37

CHIRAL R 577.1 3.89 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5- [4-(aminohydroxycarbonyl-amino)but-1-ynyl]benzoic acid 38

CHIRAL R 616.1 3.64 ethyl 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}-N-{4-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)but-1-ynyl]phenyl}acetylamino)acetate 39

CHIRAL R 672.1 7.37 methyl 2-(2-{4- [(RACEMATE)-(4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl) methyl]-1-piperazinyl} ethoxy)-5-{4-[hydroxy(phenoxycarbonyl)amino] butyl}benzoate 40

CHIRAL R 595.2 4.83 methyl 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)butyl]benzoate 41

CHIRAL R 581.2 4.39 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)butyl]benzoicacid 42

CHIRAL R 580.2 3.64 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)butyl]benzamide43

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 581.2 4.39 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)butyl]benzoicacid 44

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 577 3.89 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl-amino)but-1-ynyl]benzoic acid 45

593.3 3.91 methyl 5-[4-(aminohydroxy- carbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]-2-(2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl) methyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy) benzoate 46

CHIRAL 497 2.75 N-{4-[5-({4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}methyl)(2S,5S) oxolan-2-yl]but-3-ynyl} amino-N-hydroxyamide47

MIXTURE 633 4.8 ethyl 3-[({4-[4-(amino- hydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]phenyl}methyl) amino]-4-{4-[(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}butanoate 48

CHIRAL R 621.2 4.97 methyl (2E)-3-[2-(2-{4-[(1R) (4-chlorophenyl)phenyl-methyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)- 5-[4-(aminohydroxycar-bonylamino)butyl]phenyl] prop-2-enoate 49

CHIRAL R 617.1 4.63 methyl (2E)-3-[2-(2-{4-[(1R) (4-chlorophenyl)phenyl-methyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)- 5-[4-(aminohydroxycar-bonylamino)but-1-ynyl] phenyl]prop-2-enoate 50

2 HCl 579 3.47 5-[4-(aminohydroxycar- bonylamino)but-1-ynyl]-2-(2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl) methyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy) benzoic acid 51

RACEMATE 517.1 2.94 methyl 3-{[4-({5-[4-(amino-hydroxycarbonylamino)but- 1-ynyl](2-furyl)}methyl)piperazinyl]phenylmethyl} benzoate 52

CHIRAL R 547.07 4.54 N-{4-[4-(3-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}propoxy)phenyl] but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 53

RACEMATE 559.1 5.42 amino-N-[4-(4-{2-[4-(8- chloro(5,6,11-trihydrobenzo[b]pyridino[3,2-f][7]annulen- 11-yl))piperidyl]ethoxy}phenyl)but-3-ynyl]-N- hydroxyamide 54

571.14 6.44 amino-N-[4-(4-{3-[4-(8- chloro(5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen- 11-ylidene))piperidyl]propoxy}phenyl)but-3-ynyl]- N-hydroxyamide 55

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 603.2 4.19 (2E)-3-[2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)but-1-ynyl]phenyl] prop-2-enoic acid 56

CHIRAL R 602 3.44 N-{4-[3-((1E)-2-carbamoyl- vinyl)-4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 57

CHIRAL R 551.64 4.35 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3- fluorophenyl]but-3-ynyl} amino-N-hydroxyamide 58

578.02 2.71 5-[4-(aminohydroxycar- bonylamino)but-1-ynyl]-2-(2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl) methyl]piperazinyl} ethoxy)benzamide 59

552.96 3.92 amino-N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3- fluorophenyl]but-3-ynyl}- N-hydroxyamide 60

CHIRAL TRANS 499 2.33 N-{4-[(2S,5S)-5-({4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazinyl}methyl)oxolan-2- yl]but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 61

599.82 5.03 5-[4-(aminohydroxycar- bonylamino)but-1-ynyl]-2-{2-[4-(8-chloro(5,6- dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11-ylidene)) piperidyl]ethoxy}benzamide 62

CHIRAL R 153-155 589.21 3.49 2-[3-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}propoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl-amino)but-1-ynyl]benzamide 63

CHIRAL R 590.06 3.65 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[5- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)pent-1-ynyl]benzamide 64

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 208  576.2 3.14 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)but-1-ynyl]benzamide 65

CHIRAL R 5.34 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]but- 3-ynyl}amino-N-hydroxyamide 66

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 600.36 5.34 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]but- 3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 67

CHIRAL R 557.5 4.1 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3- cyanophenyl]but-3-ynyl} amino-N-hydroxyamide 68

CHIRAL R 560.59 5.05 N-{4-[4-(4-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl] but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 69

CHIRAL R 561.57 2.63 2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[3- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)prop-1-ynyl]benzamide 70

CHIRAL R 564.56 5.41 N-{4-[4-(4-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl] butyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 71

CHIRAL R 604.56 5.84 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1S)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl] butyl}amino-N-hydroxyamide 72

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 604.44 5.84 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] butyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 73

6.95 amino-N-[4-(4-{4-[4-(8- chloro(5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen- 11-ylidene))piperidyl]butoxy}phenyl)but-3-ynyl]- N-hydroxyamide 74

7.31 amino-N-[4-(4-{4-[4-(8- chloro(5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen- 11-ylidene))piperidyl]butoxy}phenyl)butyl]-N- hydroxyamide 75

CHIRAL R 561.57 5.4 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] but-3-ynyl}ethoxy-N- hydroxycarboxamide 76

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 121-123 564.64 5.41 N-{4-[4-(4-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl] butyl}amino-N-hydroxyamide 77

CHIRAL R 90-95 589.45 3.19 N-[2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)but-1-ynyl]phenyl] acetamide 78

CHIRAL R 2 HCl 400 589.7 3.19 N-[2-[2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)but-1-ynyl]phenyl] acetamide 79

CHIRAL R 60-65 550.49 4.9 N-{4-[4-(3-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}propoxy)phenyl] butyl}amino-N-hydroxyamide 80

64-68 562.5 4.63 amino-N-{4-[4-(4-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl] but-3-ynyl}-N-hydroxyamide 81

CHIRAL (R, R, R) 42 496.57 4.39 N-{4-[(2R)-5-({4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}methyl)oxolan-2-yl]but-3-ynyl}amino-N- hydroxyamide 82

CHIRAL R 52-90 536.52 2.75 N-{3-[4-(3-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazinyl}propoxy)phenyl] propyl}amino-N-hydroxyamide 83

78 549.1 4.12 amino-N-{4-[4-(3-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazinyl}propoxy)phenyl] but-3-ynyl}-N-hydroxyamide 84

CHIRAL R 123-125 594.3 4 2-(3-{4-[(1R)(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}propoxy)-5-[4- (aminohydroxycarbonyl- amino)butyl]benzamide85

138-140 582.5 3.22 5-{4-[(aminocarbonyl) (hydroxy)amino]butyl}-2-(2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl) methyl]-1-piperazinyl} ethoxy)benzamide 86

30-80 539.4 3.97 N-{3-[4-(3-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl}propoxy)phenyl] propyl}-N-hydroxyurea 87

65-70 580.1 3.74 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl}ethoxy)-2- nitrophenyl]-3-butynyl}-N- hydroxyurea 88

140-145 539.2 4.12 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[bis(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl] butyl}-N-hydroxyurea 89

CHIRAL R Fumarate 162-165 576.2 3.14 5-{4-[(aminocarbonyl)(hydroxy)amino]-1-butynyl}- 2-(2-{4-[(R)-(4- chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl} ethoxy)benzamide 90

CHIRAL R 70-75 577.9 4.17 N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(R)-(4- chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl} ethoxy)-2-nitrophenyl]-3- butynyl}-N-hydroxyurea91

CHIRAL R Maleate 169-172 576.2 3.14 5-{4-[(aminocarbonyl)(hydroxy)amino]-1-butynyl}- 2-(2-{4-[(R)-(4- chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl} ethoxy)benzamide 92

CHIRAL R L-tartrate 155-158 576.2 3.14 5-{4-[(aminocarbonyl)(hydroxy)amino]-1-butynyl}- 2-(2-{4-[(R)-(4- chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl} ethoxy)benzamide 93

CHIRAL R Citrate 153-156 576 3.14 5-{4-[(aminocarbonyl)(hydroxy)amino]-1-butynyl}- 2-(2-{4-[(R)-(4- chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl} ethoxy)benzamide 94

CHIRAL R 64-66 538 4.39 N-{3-[4-[3-{4-[(R)-(4- chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl} propyl]phenoxy]propyl}-N- hydroxyurea 95

CHIRAL R 127-130 557 4.44 N-(4-{4-[(4-{4-[(R)(4- chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl}-2- butynyl)oxy]phenyl}-3- butynyl)-N-hydroxyurea

Particularly preferred compounds are those listed in Table I, infra.

More preferred are compounds 1, 5, 11, 12, 13, 17, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33,34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55,56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72; 73, 74,75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,and 94. The most preferred compounds are 17, 32, 34, 35, 46, 52 and 80.

Definitions

The following paragraphs provide definitions of the various chemicalmoieties that make up the compounds of the invention and are intended toapply uniformly throughout the specification and claims unless expresslystated otherwise.

The term alkyl refers to a univalent C₁ to C₆ saturated straight,branched, or cyclic alkane moiety and specifically includes methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, 3-methylpentyl,2,2-dimethylbutyl, and 2,3-dimethylbutyl. The alkyl group can beoptionally substituted with any appropriate group, including but notlimited to R³ or one or more moieties selected from the group consistingof halo, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro,cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, orphosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known tothose skilled in the art or as taught, for example, in Greene, et al.,“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” John Wiley and Sons, ThirdEdition, 1999.

The term alkoxy refers to an alkyl moiety having a terminal —O— withfree a valence, e.g., CH₃CH₂—O—;

The term yloalkoxy is an alkoxy (as defined above) in which a hydrogenatom has been removed from the alkyl moiety to yield a divalent radical,e.g., —CH₂CH₂O— or CH(CH₃)O—.

The term yloalkoxyalkyl refers to a divalent, dialkyl ether moietyhaving one free valence on each of the alkyl moieties, which alkylmoieties are the same or different, e.g., —CH₂CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂—.

The term alkylene refers to an alkyl moiety (as defined above) in whicha hydrogen atom has been removed to yield a divalent radical, e.g.,—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH—.

The term alkenyl refers to a univalent C₂-C₆ straight, branched, or inthe case of C₅₋₆, cyclic hydrocarbon with at least one double bond,optionally substituted as described above.

The term alkenylene refers to an alkenyl moiety (as defined above) inwhich a hydrogen atom has been removed to yield a divalent radical, eg.,—CH₂CH═CHCH₂—.

The term alkynyl refers to a univalent C₂ to C₆ straight or branchedhydrocarbon with at least one triple bond (optionally substituted asdescribed above) and specifically includes acetylenyl, propynyl, and—C≡C—CH₂(alkyl), including —C≡C—CH₂(CH₃).

The term alkynylene refers to an alkynyl moiety (as defined above) inwhich a hydrogen atom has been removed to yield a divalent radical,e.g., —C≡C—CH(CH₃)—.

The term aryl refers to a univalent phenyl (preferably), biphenyl, ornapthyl. The aryl group can be optionally substituted with any suitablegroup, including but not limited to one or more moieties selected fromthe group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino,alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid,phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected asnecessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as, taughtin Greene, et al., “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” John Wileyand Sons, Third Edition, 1999, and preferably with halo (including butnot limited to fluoro), alkoxy (including methoxy), aryloxy (includingphenoxy), W, cyano, or R³.

The terms arylene and divalent arene refer to an aryl moiety (as definedabove) in which a hydrogen atom has been removed to yield a divalentradical, e.g., —C₆H₄—.

The term trivalent arene refers to an arylene moiety (as defined above)in which a hydrogen atom has been removed to yield a trivalent radical,e.g.,

The term yloalkylaryl refers to a divalent alkyl-substituted aryl moietyin which one open valence is on the alkyl moiety and one is on the arylmoiety, e.g., —CH₂—CH₂—CH₄—.

The term yloarylalkyl refers to a divalent aryl-substituted alkyl moietyin which one open valence is on the alkyl moiety and one is on the arylmoiety, e.g., —C₆H₄—CH₂—CH₂—.

The term diylodialkylarene refers to a divalent, dialkyl-substitutedarene in which there is one open valence on each of the alkyl moieties(which may be the same or different), e.g., —CH₂—C₆H₄—CH₂CH₂—.

The term heteroatom means O, S, or N.

The term heterocycle refers to a cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynylmoiety as defined above wherein one or more ring carbon atoms isreplaced with a heteroatom.

The terms heteroarylene and divalent heteroarene refer to an arylene (ordivalent heteroarene) that includes at least one sulfur, oxygen, ornitrogen in the aromatic ring, which can optionally be substituted asdescribed above for the aryl groups. Non-limiting examples are,furylene, pyridylene, 1,2,4-thiadiazolylene, pyrimidylene, thienylene,isothiazolylene, imidazolylene, tetrazolylene, pyrazinylene,pyrimidylene, quinolylene, isoquinolylene, benzothienylene,isobenzofurylene, pyrazolylene, indolylene, purinylene, carbazolylene,benzimidazolylene, and isoxazolylene.

The term trivalent heteroarene refers to a heteroarylene moiety (asdefined above) in which a hydrogen atom has been removed to yield atrivalent radical, e.g.,

The term halo refers to chloro, fluoro, iodo, or bromo.

When a methylene of an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl (or their divalentradical counterparts) is replaced by O, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)₂—,it may be at any suitable position in the moiety, either at the terminalor internal positions, e.g., CH₃CH₂—O—, CH₃—O—CH₂—, CH₃CH₂NH—, andCH₃NHCH₂—.

Open valences on the radical moieties described herein can occur on anyone (or more for divalent radicals) of the atoms within the moiety. Forexample, the monovalent C₃ alkyl moiety includes both propyl andisopropyl. As another example, the divalent C₄ alkylene moiety includesboth tetramethylene (—CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₂—) and ethylethylene(—CH(CH₂CH₃)CH₂—).

The term organic or inorganic anion refers to an organic or inorganicmoiety that carries a negative charge and can be used as the negativeportion of a salt.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable cation” refers to an organic orinorganic moiety that carries a positive charge and that can beadministered in association with a pharmaceutical agent, for example, asa counteraction in a salt. Pharmaceutically acceptable cations are knownto those of skill in the art, and include but are not limited to sodium,potassium, and quaternary ammonium.

The term “metabolically cleavable group” refers to a moiety that can becleaved in vivo from the molecule to which it is attached, and includesbut is not limited to an organic or inorganic anion, a pharmaceuticallyacceptable cation, acyl (for example (alkyl)C(O), including acetyl,propionyl, and butyryl), alkyl, phosphate, sulfate and sulfonate,NH₂C(O)— or (alkyl)OC(O)—.

The term 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor refers to a compound that inhibits theenzyme at 30 μM or lower. The term 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor refers to acompound that inhibits the enzyme at 30 μM or lower.

As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable salts or complexesrefers to salts or complexes that retain the desired biological activityof the above-identified compounds and exhibit minimal or no undesiredtoxicological effects. Examples of such salts include, but are notlimited to acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids (for example,hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid,nitric acid, and the like), and salts formed with organic acids such asfumaric acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid,succinic acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid,pamoic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid,naphthalenedisulfonic acid, and polygalacturonic acid. The compounds canalso be administered as pharmaceutically acceptable quaternary saltsknown by those skilled in the art, which specifically include, but arenot limited to the quaternary ammonium salt of the formula —NR⁺Z⁻,wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or benzyl, and Z is a counterion,including chloride, bromide, iodide, —O-alkyl, toluenesulfonate,methylsulfonate, sulfonate, phosphate, or carboxylate (such asfurmarate, benzoate, succinate, acetate, glycolate, maleate, malate,citrate, tartrate, ascorbate, benzoate, cinnamoate, mandeloate,benzyloate, and diphenylacetate).

The term pharmaceutically active derivative refers to any compound thatupon administration to the recipient, is capable of providing directlyor indirectly, the compounds disclosed herein.

Synthetic Schemes

The synthetic schemes displayed in FIGS. 1-9 and Examples 1-7 illustratehow compounds according to the invention can be made. Those skilled inthe art will be able to routinely modify and/or adapt these schemes anddescriptions to synthesize any compound of the invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions, Methods of Treatment and Administration

The compounds of the invention are useful for treating conditions inwhich there is likely to be a histamine and/or leukotriene component.These conditions include preferably asthma, seasonal and perennialallergic rhinitis, sinusitus, conjunctivitis, food allergy, scombroidpoisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis,inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,thrombotic disease and otitis media. The compounds exhibit thisbiological activity by acting as histamine H1 receptor antagonists, byinhibiting the lipoxygenase enzymes such as 5-lipoxygenase, or byexhibiting dual activity, i.e., by acting as both a histamine H1receptor antagonist and inhibitor of lipoxygenase such as5-lipoxygenase.

Subjects in need of treatment for a lemkotriene-mediated and/orhistamine-mediated condition (preferably, asthma, seasonal and perennialallergic rhinitis, sinusitus, conjunctivitis, food allergy, scombroidpoisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis,inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,thrombotic disease and otitis media) can be treated by administering tothe patient an effective amount of one or more of the above-identifiedcompounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or salt thereof ina pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent to reduce formation ofoxygen radicals. The active materials can be administered by anyappropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously,intradermally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or topically, in liquid,cream, gel or solid form, via a buccal or nasal spray, or aerosol.

The invention further concerns the use of the compounds of formula I forthe manufacture of a medicament for therapeutic application. Inparticular, the invention concerns the use of the compounds of formula Ifor the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating conditions inwhich there is likely to be a histamine and/or leukotriene component.The invention concerns the use of the compound of formula I for themanufacture of a medicament useful for treating asthma, seasonal andperennial allergic rhinitis, sinusitus, conjunctivitis, food allergy,scombroid poisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoidarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease, thrombotic disease and otitis media, and preferably asthma,seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.

The invention further concerns the compounds of formula I for use asmedicaments. The invention concerns the compounds of formula I for useas a medicament for treating asthma, seasonal and perennial allergicrhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, food allergy, scombroid poisoning,psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis,inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,thrombotic disease and otitis media, and preferably asthma, seasonal andperennial allergic rhinitis.

The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient atherapeutically effective amount without causing serious toxic effectsin the patient treated. A preferred dose of the active compound for allof the above-mentioned conditions is in the range from about 0.01 to 300mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to 100 mg/kg per day, more generally 0.5 to about25 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day. A typicaltopical dosage will range from 0.01-3% wt/wt in a suitable carrier. Theeffective dosage range of the pharmaceutically acceptable derivativescan be calculated based on the weight of the parent compound to bedelivered. If the derivative exhibits activity in itself, the effectivedosage can be estimated as above using the weight of the derivative, orby other means known to those skilled in the art.

The methods of the invention comprise administration to a mammal(preferably human) suffering from a leukotriene-mediated and/orhistamine-mediated condition (preferably, asthma and rhinitis) apharmaceutical composition according to the invention in an amountsufficient to alleviate the condition. The compound is convenientlyadministered in any suitable unit dosage form, including but not limitedto one containing 1 to 3000 mg, preferably 5 to 500 mg of activeingredient per unit dosage form. A oral dosage of 1-500, preferably10-250, more preferably 25-250 mg is usually convenient.

The active ingredient should be administered to achieve peak plasmaconcentrations of the active compound of about 0.001-30 μM, preferablyabout 0.01-10 μM. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenousinjection of a solution or formulation of the active ingredient,optionally in saline, or an aqueous medium or administered as a bolus ofthe active ingredient

The concentration of active compound in the drug composition will dependon absorption, distribution, inactivation, and excretion rates of thedrug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It isto be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of thecondition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for anyparticular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted overtime according to the individual need and the professional judgment ofthe person administering or supervising the administration of thecompositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein areexemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice ofthe claimed composition. The active ingredient may be administered atonce, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to beadministered at varying intervals of time.

Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed intotablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible bindingagents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of thecomposition.

The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any ofthe following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a bindersuch as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; anexcipient such as starch or lactose, a dispersing agent such as alginicacid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearateor Sterores; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. When the dosage unitform is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the abovetype, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unitforms can contain various other materials which modify the physical formof the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or entericagents.

The active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivativethereof can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension,syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in additionto the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certainpreservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.

The active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives or saltsthereof can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impairthe desired action, or with materials that supplement, the desiredaction, such as adrenergic agonists like pseudoephedrine, antibiotics,antifungals, other anti-inflammatories, or antiviral compounds.

Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous,intravenous, intramuscular or topical application can include thefollowing components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection,saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propyleneglycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzylalcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for theadjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parentalpreparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multipledose vials made of glass or plastic.

If administered intravenously, preferred carriers are physiologicalsaline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, suchas a controlled release formulation, including implants andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially fromAlza Corporation (CA) and Guilford Pharmaceuticals (Baltimore, Md.).Liposomal suspensions may also be pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in theart, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811 (which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, liposomeformulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such asstearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidylcholine,arachadoyl phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solventthat is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid onthe surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the active compoundor its monophosphate, diphosphate, and/or triphosphate derivatives arethen introduced into the container. The container is then swirled byhand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and todisperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.

The following Examples are provided for illustrative purposes only andare not intended, nor should they be construed, as limiting theinvention in any manner. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thatroutine variations and modifications of the following Examples can bemade without exceeding the spirit or scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation ofN-{[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-amino-N-hydroxyamide (compound 1, FIG. 1.)

4-(2-Bromoethoxy)benzylalcohol (compound 101)

To a solution of 4-hydroxybenzylalcohol (2.0 g, 16.11 mmol) in DMF (10mL) was added potassium carbonate (2.67 g, 19.32 mmol). The reaction wasstirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then 1,2-dibromoethane(3.03 g, 16.13 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for additional 20 hours and then quenched with water, andextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with waterand brine, evaporated to yield an oil which was purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 3:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 101 (1.7g, 45.7%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.64 (t, 2H), 4.29 (t, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H),6.91 (d, 2H), 7.30 (d, 2H).

4-{2-[4-((1R)(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl]ethoxy}benzylalcohol (compound 103)

To a solution of 101 (205 mg, 0.89 mmol), [(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]-piperazine (102) (230 mg, 0.80 mmol) in dichloromethane(2.5 mL) was added triethylamine (122.0 mg, 1.21 mmol). The reaction wasstirred at 50° C. for 20 hours. The solvent was evaporated and theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 3:1hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 103 (330 mg, 94.1%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ2.45 (m, 4H), 2.62 (m, 4H), 2.81 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 4.22 (s, 1H),4.51 (s, 2H), 6.87 (d, 2H), 7.28 (m, 5H).

N-{[-4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]methyl}phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate(compound 104)

To a stirred solution of 103 (330 mg, 0.76 mmol),phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate (251.6 mg, 0.92 mmol) andtriphenylphosphine (225.2 mg, 0.86 mmol) in THF (8 mL) at 0° C. wasadded diisopropylazodicarboxylate (174.1 mg, 0.86 mmol). After addition,the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred at roomtemperature for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue waspurified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:1 hexane/ethylacetate) to give 104 (410 mg, 78.4%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.47 (m, 4H),2.65 (m, 4H), 2.84 (t, 2H), 4.12 (t, 2H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H),6.92 (d, 2H), 7.20 (m, 5H), 7.26 (m, 6H), 7.40 (m, 10H).

N-{[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-amino-N-hydroxyamide(compound 1)

In a screw top vessel was placed a solution of 104 (410 mg, 0.59 mmol)in methanol (15 mL) and cooled to −78° C. with dry ice-acetone bath. Tothis vessel was added liquid NH₃ (2-3 mL) and sealed. The dryice-acetone bath was then removed and the reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled again in a dryice-acetone bath and the pressure released. The vessel was opened andthe solvent was evaporated. Compound 1 was separated by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 19:1 CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH) (215 mg, 73.%): ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 2.42 (m, 4H), 2.59 (m, 4H), 2.74 (t, 2H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.20(s, 1H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 522 (bs, 2H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 725 (m, 6H), 7.36 (m,5H).

Example 2 Preparation ofN-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}-amino-N-hydroxyamide(compound 12, FIG. 2)

4-(2-Bromoethoxy)-1-iodobenzene (compound 105)

To a solution of 4-iodophenol (10.0 g, 45.45 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) wasadded potassium carbonate (12.6 g, 91.17 mmol). The reaction was stirredat room temperature for 30 minutes and then 1,2-dibromoethane (17.07 g,90.91 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature foradditional 16 hours and then quenched with water and extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water and brine,evaporated to yield an oil which was purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, hexane) to yield 105 (2.7 g, 18.2%): ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 3.63 (t, 2H), 4.26 (t, 2H), 6.70 (d, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H).

4-[4-(2-Bromoethoxy)phenyl]but-3-yn-1-ol (compound 106)

To a mixture of 105 (2.7 g, 8.26 mmol), 3-butyn-1-ol (696.3 mg, 9.94mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (1.15 g. 1.64 mmol)and cuprous iodide (317.1 mg, 1.67 mmol) was added triethylamine (45mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Thesolvent was evaporated and the residue purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 3:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 106 (1.3g, 58.6%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.70 (m, 4H), 3.65 (t, 2H), 3.82 (m, 2H),4.30 (t, 2H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 7.37 (d, 2H).

4-{4-[2-(4-((1R)(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)ethoxy]phenyl}but-3-yn-1-ol(compound 107)

To a solution of 106 (1.5 g, 5.58 mmol),[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazine (102) (1.6 g, 5.59 mmol) inDMF (15 mL) was added triethylamine (871.2 mg, 8.63 mmol). The reactionwas stirred at 50° C. for 20 hours, water was added, and the reactionmixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washedwith water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered andevaporated to an oil which was purified by flash column chromatography(silica gel, 1:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 107 (2.6 g, 98.1%): ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.42 (m, 4H), 2.61 (m, 4H), 2.68 (t, 2H), 2.82 (t, 2H),3.80 (t, 2H), 4.10 (t, 2H), 4.21 (s, 1H), 6.80 (d, 2H), 7.26 (m, 5H),7.35 (m, 6H).

N-{4-[4-(2-(4-((1R)(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate(compound 108)

To a stirred solution of 107 (1.5 g, 3.16 mmol),phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate (1.05 g, 3.85 mmol) andtriphenylphosphine (937.1 mg, 3.57 mmol) in THF (35 mL) at 0° C. wasadded diisopropylazodicarboxylate (721.4 mg, 3.57 mmol). After addition,the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred at roomtemperature for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue waspurified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:1 hexane/ethylacetate) to give 108 (1.4 g, 60.6%): ¹H N (CDCl₃) δ 2.44 (m, 4H), 2.62(m, 4H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 2.91 (t, 2H), 4.10 (m, 4H), 4.21 (s, 1H), 6.80(d, 2H), 7.18 (m, 5H), 7.30 (m, 8H), 7.37 (m, 8H).

N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}-amino-N-hydroxyamide(compound 12)

In a screw top vessel was placed a solution of 108 (1.4 g, 1.92 mmol) inmethanol (50 mL) and cooled to −78° C. with dry ice-acetone bath. Tothis vessel was added liquid NH₃ (6 mL) and sealed. The dry ice-acetonebath was then removed and the reaction was stirred at room temperaturefor 16 hours. The reaction pas cooled again in a dry ice-acetone bathand the pressure released. The vessel was opened and the solventevaporated. Compound 12 was separated by flash column chromatography(silica gel, 19:1 CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH) (580 mg, 56.9%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.45(m, 4H), 2.65 (m, 4H), 2.72 (t, 2H), 2.84 (t, 2H), 3.80 (t, 2H), 4.10(t, 2H), 4.22 (s, 1H), 5.25 (bs, 2H), 6.80 (d, 2H), 7.25 (m, 5H), 7.36(m, 6H).

Example 3 Preparation ofN-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]butyl}-amino-N-hydroxyamide(compound 17, FIG. 3)

4-[4-(2-Bromoethoxy)phenyl]butan-1-ol (compound 109)

A solution of 106 (1.3 g, 4.83 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) washydrogenated over 10% palladium on charcoal (130 mg) at balloon pressurefor 7 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate wasevaporated to give 109 (1.31 g, 99.2%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.65 (m, 4H),2.60 (t, 2H), 3.66 (m, 4H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 7.10 (d, 2H).

4-{4-[2-(4-((1R)(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)ethoxy]phenyl}butan-1-ol(compound 110)

To a solution of 109 (1.3 g, 4.76 mmol) and[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazine (102) (1.39 g, 4.86 mmol)in DMF (12 mL) was added triethylamine (762.3 mg, 7.55 mmol). Thereaction was stirred at 50° C. for 16 hours, water was added, and thereaction was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer waswashed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, andevaporated to an oil, which was purified by flash column chromatography(silica gel, 1:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 110 (2.42 g, 104%): ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.65 (m, 4H), 2.45 (m, 4H), 2.62 (m, 6H), 2.81 (t, 2H),3.66 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 4.21 (s, 1H), 6.81 (d, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H),7.25 (m, 4H), 7.36 (m, 5H), 8.02 (bs, 1H).

N-{4-[4-(2-(4-((1R)(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)ethoxy)phenyl]butan-1-ol}phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate(compound 111)

To a stirred solution of 110 (1.5 g, 3.14 mmol),phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate (1.05 g, 3.85 mmol) andtriphenylphosphine (938.0 mg, 3.58 mmol) in THF (35 mL) at 0° C. wasadded diisopropylazodicarboxylate (724.0 mg, 3.58 mmol). After addition,the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred at roomtemperature for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue waspurified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2:1 hexane/ethylacetate) to give 111 (1.58 g, 68.7%).

N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)phenyl]butyl}-amino-N-hydroxyamide(compound 17)

In a screw top vessel was placed a solution of 111 (1.58 g, 2.16 mmol)in methanol (50 mL) and cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath. Tothis vessel was added liquid ammonia (6 mL) and scaled. The dryice-acetone bath was then removed and the reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled again in a dryice-acetone bath and the pressure was released. The vessel was openedand the solvent was evaporated. Compound 17 was separated by flashcolumn chromatography (silica gel, 19:1 CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH) and furtherpurified by recrystallization using ethyl acetate-hexane as a solvent(550 mg, 47.4%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.60 (m, 4H), 2.44 (m, 4H), 2.52 (t,2H), 2.67 (m, 4H), 2.83 (t, 2H), 3.48 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 4.21 (s,1H), 6.78 (d, 2H), 7.04 (d, 2H), 7.25 (m, 4H), 7.35 (m, 5H).

Example 4 Preparation ofmethyl-2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]benzoate(compound 36, FIG. 4),2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]benzamide(compound 35, FIG. 4), and2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-aminohydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]benzoicacid (compound 37, FIG. 5)

4-iodophenol, methyl acetate (compound 112)

To a solution of 5-iodosalicylic acid (5.0 g, 18.94 mmol) in methanol(100 mL) was added a few drops of sulfuric acid. The reaction wasstirred at reflux for 24 hours. The reaction solvent (methanol) wasevaporated to small volume and water was added and extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with 10% NaHCO₃ solution,water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporatedto give the title compound (3.5 g, 66.5%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.96 (s,3H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 7.70 (dd, 1H), 8.12 (d, 1H).

Methyl 2-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)benzoate (compound 113)

To a mixture of 112 (2.0 g, 7.19 mmol), 3-butyn-1-ol (655.2 mg, 9.35mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (1.0 g, 1.42 mmol)and cuprous iodide (276.3 mg, 1.45 mmol) was added triethylamine (40mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Thesolvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 2:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 113 (1.6g, 101.3%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.68 (t, 2H), 3.81 (m, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H),6.92 (d, 1H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H).

Methyl 2-(2-bromoethoxy)-5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)benzoate (compound 114)

To a solution of 113 (1.6 g, 7.27 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (1.51 g, 10.91 mmol). The reaction was stirred atroom temperature for 30 minutes and then 1,2-dibromoethane (5.47 g,29.09 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature foradditional 16 hours and then quenched with water and extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water and brine,evaporated to yield an oil which was purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 2:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield 114 (710mg, 29.8%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.70 (t, 2H), 3.68 (t, 2H), 3.82 (t, 2H),3.90 (s, 3H), 4.35 (t, 2H), 6.90 (d, 1H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H).

Methyl2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)benzoate(compound 115)

To a solution of 114 (300.0 mg, 0.92 mmol), [(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazine (102) (262.4 mg, 0.92 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) wasadded triethylamine (139.0 mg, 1.38 mmol). The reaction was stirred at50° C. for 20 hours, water was added, and the reaction was extractedwith dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water and brine,dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to an oil whichwas purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate)to yield 115 (510 mg, 102.4%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.44 (m, 4H), 2.68 (m,6H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 3.81 (t, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 4.08 (m, 2H), 4.21 (s,1H), 6.90 (d, 1H), 7.25 (m, 4H), 7.38 (m, 5H), 7.49 (dd, 1H), 7.85 (d,1H).

N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate (compound 116)

To a stirred solution of 115 (320.0 mg, 0.60 mmol),phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate (198.4 mg, 0.73 mmol) andtriphenylphosphine (55.7 mg, 0.21 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at 0° C. was addeddiisopropylazodicarboxylate (78.2 mg, 0.68 mmol). After addition, thereaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperaturefor 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified byflash column chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) togive 116 (350 mg, 73.9%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.42 (m, 4H), 2.65 (m, 6H),2.90 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 4.15 (m, 4H), 4.21 (s, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H),7.25 (m, 8H), 7.40 (m, 12H), 7.82 (s, 1H).

Methyl2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]benzoate(compound 36) and2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[-4-(aminohydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]benzamide(compound 35)

In a screw top vessel was placed a solution of 116 (350 mg, 0.44 mmol)in methanol (20 mL) and cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath. Tothis vessel was added liquid ammonia (3 mL) and sealed. The dryice-acetone bath was then removed and the reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled again in a dryice-acetone bath and the pressure released. The vessel was opened andthe solvent was evaporated. Compound 36 was separated by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 9:1 CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH) as a white solid. Themixture of compound 35 and 36 was further purified by flash columnchromatography (silica gel, 9:1 CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH) to give additionalcompound 36 (total 31 mg) and compound 35 (containing about 5% compound36). Compound 35 was further separated from compound 36 byrecrystallization using ethyl acetate-hexane as a solvent (35 mg).

Compound 36: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.45 (m, 4H), 2.70 (m, 6H), 2.90 (t, 2H),3.75 (t, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 4.18 (t, 2H), 4.21 (s, 1H), 5.34 (bs, 2H),6.85 (d, 1H), 7.25 (m, 4H), 7.37 (m, 5H), 7.43 (dd, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H).

Compound 35: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.40 (m, 4H), 2.54 (m, 4H), 2.75 (t, 2H),2.80 (t, 2H), 3.80 (t, 2H), 4.20 (m, 3H), 5.42 (bs, 2H), 5.80 (bs, 1H),6.87 (d, 1H), 7.25 (m, 4H), 7.36 (m, 5H), 7.45 (dd, 1H), 8.14 (d, 1H),8.75 (bs, 1H).

2-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}ethoxy)-5-[4-(aminohydroxycarbonylamino)but-1-ynyl]benzoicacid (compound 37)

In a small round-bottomed flask was placed compound 36 (30 mg, 0.05mmol). To this flask was added 1M KOH/CH₃OH (0.30 mL, 0.30 mmol). Thereaction was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours and then cooled inan ice bath. 1M HCl/ether (0.30 mL, 0.30 mmol) was added and the mixturewas purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 9:1CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH) to give 37 as a white solid (9 mg, 31.4%): ¹H NMR (CD₃OD)δ 2.56 (m, 4H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 2.96 (m, 4H), 3.10 (t, 2H), 3.68 (t, 2H),4.32 (t, 2H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.30 (m, 4H), 7.44 (m, 6H).

Example 5 Preparation of AminoN-{4-[4-(2-{4-(8-chloro(5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11-ylidene))piperidyl}ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl)-N-hydroxyamide(compound 32, FIG. 7)

4-(2-Bromoethoxy)-1-iodobenzene

To a stirring solution of 4-iodophenol (25g, 110 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (31 g,220 mmol) in DMF (250 mL) was added 1,2-dibromoethane (5 mL, 55 mmol)over a period of 1 hr. The solution was heated at 50° C. and stirredovernight under Ar. In order to complete the reaction additionalreagents were added: 1,2-dibromoethane (20 mL, 220 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (6 g,43 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 50° C. an additional 12 hoursunder Ar. Water was added and the reaction mixture was extracted withdichloromethane, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The crude mixture was purified by silica gelchromatography eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give thetitle compound as a white solid (5.5 g, 17 mmol).

4-[4-(2-Bromoethoxy)phenol]but-3-yn-1-ol

To a mixture of 4-(2-Bromoethoxy)-1-iodobenzene (5.5 g, 17 mmol),3-butyn-1-ol (1.9 mL, 25 mmol), CuI (952 mg, 5 mmol) anddichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (3.5 g, 5 mmol) indichloromethane (100 mL) was added dropwise Et₃N (3.5 mL, 25 mmol). Thereaction was stirred overnight at room temperature under Ar. The solventwas evaporated under reduced pressure and ethyl acetate was added todissolve the reaction mixture, which was filtered over celite to removemost of the Pd. The crude product was purified by silica gelchromatography eluted with hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1). 4 g of the titlecompound were obtained as a light brown solid.

4-[4-(2-{4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11-yliden)piperidyl}ethoxy)but-3-yn-1ol

8-chloro-11-(4-piperidylidene-5,6-dihydrobenzo[a]pyridino[2,3-d][7]annulene(2.5 g, 7.75 mmol) and 4-[4(2-bromoethoxy)phenol]but-3-yn-1-ol (2.5 g,9.2 mmol) were disolved in dichloromethane. To this solution was addedEt₃N (2.6 mL, 18.5 mmol) and the reaction was heated at reflux overnightunder Ar. The dichloromethane was evaporated under reduced pressure. Theunreacted starting materials were recovered after purification bychromatography with 10% MeOH in dichloromethane. The title compound wasobtained as a white solid (1.9 g, 3.76 mmol).

Phenyl{N-{4-[4-(2-{4-(8-chloro(5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11-ylidene))piperidyl}ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}phenoxycarbonylaminooxy}formate

A solution of4-[4-(2-{4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyrdino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11-yliden)piperidyl}ethoxy)but-3-yn-1ol(1.9 g, 3.76 mmol), triphenylphosphine (1.2 g, 4.7 mmol) andN,O-bis-(phenoxycarbonyl)hydroxylamine (1.3 g, 4.7 mmol) in THF (20 mL)was cooled at 0° C. with an ice bath. Diisopropylazodicarboxlate (950mg, 4.7 mmol) was added dropwise to the stirring solution. The reactionwas allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for one hour. Once thereaction was complete, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. Theproduct was purified by silica gel chromatography using 10% MeOH indichloromehane. 4;5 g of the title compound (slightly impure) wereobtained.

Amino-N-{4-[4-(2-{4-(8-chloro(5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11-ylidene))piperidyl}ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}-N-hydroxyamide

Phenyl{N-{4-[4-(2-{4-(8-chloro(5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]pyridino[2,3-b][7]annulen-11-ylidene))piperidyl}ethoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}phenoxycarbonylaminooxy}formate(4.5 g) was disolved,in MeOH saturated with NH₃ (100 mL). The system wassealed with a rubber septum and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The the solvent was evaporated under vacuum andthe crude compound was purified by chromatography on silica gel, elutedwith 10% MeOH saturated with NH₃ in dichloromethane to give the titlecompound, compound 32 (800 mg) [Alternatively, the reaction may be runin a pressure tube].

Example 6 Preparation ofN-{4-[4-(3-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}propoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}-amino-N-hydroxyamide(compound 52)

4-(2-Bromopropoxy)-1-iodobenzene

To a stirring solution of 4-iodophenol (15 g, 70 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (12.4g, 90 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added 1,2-dibromopropane (7.8 mL, 90mmol) over a period of 1 hr. The solution was heated at 50° C. andstirred overnight under Ar. Water (500 mL) was added and the reactionmixture was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over Na₂SO₄, filteredand the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. Purified on silicagel chromatography, eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give thetitle compound as a white solid (10 g, 29 mmol).

4-[4-(2-Bromopropoxy)phenyl]but-3-yn-1-ol

To a solution of 4-(2-Bromopropoxy)-1-iodobenzene (10 g, 29 mmol),3-butyn-1-ol (2.6 mL, 37 mmol), CuI (980 mg, 5.2 mmol) anddichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (3.6 g. 5.2 mmol) indichloromethane (40 mL) was added Et₃N (6.0 mL, 44 mmol) dropwise. Thereaction was stirred overnight at room temperature under Ar. The solventwas evaporated under reduced pressure and ethyl acetate was added todissolve the compound, the solution was filtered over celite to removemost of the Pd. The crude product was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluted with hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1). 2.6 g of thetitle compound were obtained as a light brown solid.

4-{4-[3-(4-((1R)(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)propoxy]phenyl}but-3-yn-1-ol

[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazine (1.6 g, 5.6 mmol) and4-[4(2-bromopropoxy)phenyl]but-3-yn-1-ol (2.0 g, 7.04 mmol) weredissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL). Et₃N (1 mL, 7.04 mmol) was addeddropwise, the solution was heated at reflux under Ar overnight. Thesolvent was evaporated and the compound was purified by silica gelchromatography, eluted with ethyl acetate. 2.0 g of the title compoundwere obtained as a white solid.

N-{4-[4-(3-(4-((1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)propoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformate

A solution of4-{4-[3-(4-((1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)propoxy]phenyl}but-3-yn-1-ol(1.6 g, 5.6 mmol), triphenylphosphine (1.3 g, 5.1 mmol) andN,O-bis-(phenoxycarbonyl)hydroxylamine (1.4 g, 5.1 mmol) in THF (20 mL)was cooled at 0° C. with an ice bath Diisopropylazodicarboxlate (1.0 g,5.1 mmol) was added dropwise to the stirring solution. Then the reactionwas allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for one hour. Aftercompletion of the reaction, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. Nofurther purification of the compound was done.

N-{4-[4-(2-{4-[(1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]piperazinyl}propoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}-Amino-N-hydroxyamide(compound 52)

N-{4-[4-(3-(4-((1R)(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl)piperazinyl)propoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}phenoxycarbonylaminophenoxyformatewas dissolved in MeOH and added to 20 mL of condensed (dry ice/acetone)NH₃ in a pressure tube. The pressure tube was closed, allowed to warm atroom temperature. After stirring overnight, the pressure was releasedslowly and the cap removed opening the system to the air, then thesolvent was evaporated under vacuum. Purification by silica gelchromatography, eluted with 10% MeOH saturated with NH₃ indichloromethane afforded the title compound, compound 52 (1.05 g)

Example 7

Preparation of Amino-N-{4-[4-(4-{4-[bis(4flourophenyl)methyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]but-3-ynyl}-N-hydroxyamide (compound 80, FIG. 6)

1-(4-bromobutoxy)-4-iodobenzene (117). To a stirring solution of4-iodophenol (10 g, 0.5 mol) and K₂CO₃ (70 g, 0.5 mol) in DMF (400 mL)was added 1,4 dibromobutane (100 mL, 0.84 mol) over a period of 1 hr.The solution was stirred overnight at room temperature under Ar. H₂O(1000 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂.The organic layer was then washed with 1000 mL of brine, dried overMgSO₄, concentrated to gave a white solid (100 g); ¹H NMR (CD₃Cl): δ2.15-1.87 (m, 6H), 3.50-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.94 (t, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 7.55(d, 2H).

4-[4-(4-bromobutoxy)phenol]but-3-yn-1-ol (118). A solution of 117 (100g, 0.3 mol), 3-butyn-1-ol (45 mL, 0.6 mol), CuI (800 mg, 4.2 mmol) anddichlorobis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (2.9 g, 42 mmol) indichloromethane (400 mL) was cooled at 0 C (ice bath). Et₃N (84 mL, 0.6mol) was added dropwise while maintaining the low temperature. Then themixture was warmed at room temperature and stirred overnight under Ar.The dichloromethane was removed under vacuum. The semi-solid obtained,was dissolved in a minimum of CH₂Cl₂ and passed over a large plug ofsilica gel eluting with 10% EtOAc in hexane, followed by 50% EtOAc: 50%hexane. 75 g of a light tan solid were obtained; ¹H NMR(CD₃Cl) δ2.10-1.80 (m, 4H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 3.25 (t, 1H), 3.50 (t, 2H), 3.80 (t,2H), 3.94 (t, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 7.55 (d, 2H).

Compound 119: 4-bis(4-fluorophenyl methyl piperazine (58 g, 0.2 mol) and118 (74 g, 0.25 mol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (500 ml). To this solutionwas added NEt₃ (43 mL, 0.31 mol). The mixture was allowed to stir for 48hr at room temperature under Ar. After evaporation of the solvent undervacuum, the semi-solid obtained was dissolved in a minimum amount ofCH₂Cl₂ and passed over a large plug of silica gel eluting with 50%EtOAc:50% hexane, followed by EtOAc to remove the desired compound.Concentration of the solution gave an off-white foam (70 g) 90% pure; ¹HNMR (CD₃Cl) δ 1.78-1.75 (m, 6H), 2.72-2.45 (m, 12H, 3.78 (t, 2H), 3.94(t, 2H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 6.76 (d, 2H), 6.97 (t, 4H), 7.37-7.25 (m, 6H).

Compound 80: A solution of 119 (70 g, 0.14 mol), triphenylphosphine (45g, 0,17 mol) and N,O-bis-(phenoxycarbonyl)hydroxylamine (46 g, 0.17 mol)in THF (500 mL) was cooled at 0° C. with an ice bath.Diisopropylazodicarboxylate (34 ml, 0.17 mol) was added dropwise to thestirring solution. The ice bath was removed, the reaction was allowed towarm at room temperature and stir for 1 hr. The reaction was checked byTLC for completion. The solvent was removed under vacuum, the crudematerial was dissolved in 700 mL of MeOH saturated with ammonia Themixture was stirred overnight in a round bottom flask sealed with arubber septa. The reaction was worked up by an acid/base extraction,concentrated and passed over a large plug of silica gel (45 g), elutedwith 10% MeOH in dichloromethane. The product was recrystallized with500 mL of refluxing EtOAc, and cooled at room temperature overnight togave 20 g pure compound; ¹H NMR (CD₃Cl) δ 1.78-1.75 (m, 6H), 2.57-2.45(m, 10H), 2.72 (t, 2H), 3.78 (t, 2H), 3.94 (t, 2H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 5.34(s br, 2H), 6.76 (d, 2H), 6.97 (t, 4H), 7.37-7.25 (m, 6H). The followingTable II provides illustrative NMR data for the especially preferredcompounds.

TABLE II COMPOUND # ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 17 1.60(m, 4H), 2.44(m, 4H),2.52(t, 2H), 2.67(m, 4H), 2.83(t, 2H), 3.48(t, 2H), 4.08(t, 2H), 4.21(s,1H), 6.78(d, 2H), 7.04(d, 2H), 7.25(m, 4H), 7.35(m, 5H). 32 2.20-2.95(m,14H), 3.35(m, 2H), 3.72(t, 2H), 4.05(t, 2H), 5.62(brs, 2H), 6.72(d, 2H),7.10(m, 4H), 7.25(d, 2H), 7.45(d, 1H), 8.35(d, 1H). 34 2.45(br d, 8H);2.75(t, 2H); 3.50(s, 2H); 3.70(t, 2H); 4.20(s, 1H); 5.57(br s, 2H);6.15(d, 1H); 6.39(d, 1H); 6.95(t, 4H); 7.33(dd, 4H). 35 2.40(m, 4H),2.54(m, 4H), 2.75(t, 2H), 2.80(t, 2H), 3.80(t, 2H), 4.20(m, 3H), 5.42(brs, 2H), 5.80(br s, 1H), 6.87(d, 1H), 7.25(m, 4H), 7.36(m, 5H), 7.45(dd,1H), 8.14(d, 1H), 8.75(br s, 1H). 46 1.40-1.55(m, 1H); 1.85-1.96(m, 1H);2.05-2.20 (m, 2H); 2.30-2.70(m, 12H); 3.62(ddd, 2H); 4.18 (s, 1H);4.27(br d, 1H); 4.63(br t, 1H); 5.58(br s, 2H); 7.15-7.35(m, 9H). 521.95(m, 2H), 2.65-2.35(m, 10H), 2.72(t, 2H), 3.78(t, 2H), 3.93(t, 2H),4.20(s, 1H), 5.25(brs, 2H), 6.75(d, 2H), 7.15-7.40(m, 11H). 801.78-1.75(m, 6H), 2.57-2.45(m, 10H), 2.72(t, 2H), 3.78(t, 2H), 3.94(t,2H), 4.23(s, 1H), 5.34(s br, 2H), 6.76(d, 2H), 6.97(t, 4H), 7.37-7.25(m,6H).

Example 8 CHO—K1 H1R Binding Assay Protocol

This assay is commonly used to measure the ability of a compound to actas a histamine H1 receptor binding ligand. As this assay employs humancloned H1 receptors it can provide a good approximation of what can beexpected when a compound is administered to humans.

Details of the assay procedure are as follows. CHO—K1 cells expressingthe human cloned H1 receptor are grown to confluence in tissue culturedishes. Cells are harvested using D-PBS buffer (JRH Biosciences), keptat 4° C., centrifuging to pellet cells (4° C., 500 g, 10 min). The finalcell pellet is homogenized and resuspended using Tris/sucrose buffer (20mM Tris, 250 mM sucrose, pH 74 at 4° C. Aliquots of the membranepreparation are stored at −70° C.

On the day of assay, the membrane preparation is thawed and centrifuged(TLA100.3 rotor, 4° C., 15 min, 23,000 rpm). The pellet is resuspendedin Tris/sucrose buffer initially and then diluted further as necessaryusing assay buffer A (50 mM Na/KPO₄, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.5% (w/v) BSA, pH7.5).

For the binding assay, the membrane preparation, test compound and³H-pyrilamine (2 nM final) in buffer A with 1% (v/v) DMSO final areincubated in a 96-well polypropylene plate for 3 hours at 37° C.Non-specific binding is determined in the presence of 10 μM pyrilamine.A 96-well harvester (Packard) is used to harvest the 96-well plate ontoa GF/B filter plate pre-treated with 0.1% (v/v) PEI. The plate iscounted in a Packard Topcounter after adding Microscint 20 (Packard)scintillation fluid. The K_(i) for each compound at the histamine H1receptor is then calculated from these counts. The results are displayedin Table 1, infra.

Example 9 Inhibition of LTB₄ Production in Human Whole Blood

This assay examines the ability of a compound to inhibit leukotriene B₄Production from human blood stimulated with calcium ionophore. As thisproduction of leukotriene B₄ is mediated via the activation of the5-lipoxygenase enzyme, this assay is predictive of a compound's abilityto inhibit the human 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.

The procedure for the assay is as follows. Blood is drawn from normalhuman volunteers into tubes containing heparin. 1 ml of the heparinizedblood is pipetted into a 1.5 ml polypropylene tube. To this sample isadded either different concentrations of the test compound (5 μl)dissolved in DMSO or 5 μl of DMSO as a vehicle control. These samplesare incubated in a water bath, at 3° C. for 15 min. 5 μl of the calciumionophore A23187 (at a final concentration of 50 μM is then added toeach sample, which is vortexed and placed back in the water bath for 30min. The samples are then centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min. at 4° C.50 μl of the supernatant is transferred into pre-cooled Eppendorf tubescontaining 950 μl of enzyme immnunoassay (EIA) buffer. A commerciallyavailable EIA kit (Cayman Chemical Co., Ann Arbor, Mich., USA) is usedto subsequently measure the LTB4 production in the samples. The LTB₄levels produced in the vehicle control sample is then compared to thosein which the test compound has been added. From this a percentinhibition of LTB₄ production by each concentration of test compound iscalculated and the IC₅₀ for inhibition of LTB₄ production for each testcompound is determined. The results are displayed in Table 1, infra.

TABLE 1 CHOH1 HWB Cpd # K_(I) (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) 1 24 1515 3 260 1681 5 232041 46 133 313 8 220 5768 9 12 4222 11 130 3626 12 380 267 80 27 78 1310 2444 16 94 2657 87 58 251 18 15 2101 22 8 1473 23 10 287 24 7 253 264 1714 27 150 650 30 36 412 17 15 254 32 7 263 34 550 142 35 135 85 36420 94 37 4 6589 40 120 122 42 35 106 52 6 105 43 2 2742

Example 10 Antihistaminergic Activity In Vivo

Male, Hartley guinea pigs are obtained from Charles River Labs at a bodyweight of 350-406 grams. Inhibition of histamine activity is measured bythe method of Konzett and Rössler (Naonyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Path.Pharmakol. 195, 71-74 (1940). Anaesthetized guinea pigs are subjected toartificial ventilation. The endotracheal pressure is recorded.Bronchoconstriction is induced by successive intravenous injections ofhistamine. The test compounds are administered orally in a 1%methocellulose suspension at set timepoints prior to the administrationof histamine.

The results (Table 2) show the percent inhibition of histamine-inducedbronchoconstriction by selected compounds at multiple time points postoral dosing. 50% inhibition or greater is considered significant.

TABLE 2 Cpd # Dose of test cpd Time (in hours) % inhibition  1 5 mg/kg 3hrs 56% 12 2 mg/kg 3 hrs 62% 12 2 mg/kg 6 hrs 66% 87 2 mg/kg 3 hrs 66%87 2 mg/kg 6 hrs 73% 23 2 mg/kg 3 hrs 80% 23 2 mg/kg 6 hrs 92% 27 2mg/kg 3 hrs 86% 27 2 mg/kg 6 hrs 91% 32 2 mg/kg 3 hrs 65% 34 2 mg/kg 3hrs 81% 34 2 mg/kg 6 hrs 89% 17 2 mg/kg 3 hrs 66% 17 2 mg/kg 6 hrs 73%35 2 mg/kg 3 hrs 72% 35 2 mg/kg 6 hrs 88% 52 2 mg/kg 3 hrs 69% 80 2mg/kg 3 hrs 98%

It can be seen from this Table that compounds of the present inventionpossess good activity with regard to their ability to inhibithistamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Furthermore, several of thecompounds administered at a single dose possess antihistaminergicactivity of long duration. For example, 27, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, stillinhibits histamine-induced bronchoconstriction by 91% at 6 hours postoral dosing.

These experiments also indicate that the compounds tested are orallybioavailable.

Example 11 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity In Vivo

Male, Hartley guinea pigs are obtained from Charles River Labs at a bodyweight of 350-400 grams. Compounds are prepared at a volume of [1-2mg/ml] in 1% methocellulose for oral dosing. Animals are separated intogroups of five (5). Each assay includes a control group dosed withvehicle. Each group of animals is dosed with either vehicle or compoundby oral gavage. Animals are allowed to rest for one, three, or six hoursafter dosing. Control animals are allowed to rest for three hours. Atthe appropriate times, the animals are anesthetized with Urethane at 1.5g/kg, ip. Blood is drawn into a heparinized syringe via cardiacpuncture.

Blood (0.5 ml) is aliquoted into separately-labeled 1.5 ml eppendorftubes. Each sample is loaded with 5 μl of [15 mM] Arachidonic Acid, andplaced in a 37° C. water bath for five minutes. After five minutes, theblood is stimulated with 5 μl of [5 mM] A231897 (Calcium Ionophore) andretained in the water bath for an additional 30 minutes. After thethirty minutes, the blood samples are removed from the water bath andcentrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 2 minutes. Plasma is diluted to EIA bufferand an EIA is performed following manufacturer instructions (CaymanChemical Co., Ann Arbor, Mich., USA).

The results (Table 3) show the percent inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase byselected compounds at multiple time points post oral dosing. 50%inhibition or greater is considered significant.

TABLE 3 Cpd # Dose Time in hours % inhibition  1 2 mg/kg 1 hour  62% 122 mg/kg 6 hours 80% 87 2 mg/kg 1 hour  70% 87 2 mg/kg 6 hours 94% 23 2mg/kg 1 hour  80% 27 2 mg/kg 1 hour  88% 32 2 mg/kg 1 hour  88% 17 2mg/kg 3 hours 70% 17 2 mg/kg 6 hours 94% 35 2 mg/kg 1 hour  87% 35 2mg/kg 3 hours 97% 52 2 mg/kg 3 hours 61% 80 2 mg/kg 3 hours 73% 80 2mg/kg 6 hours 88% 34 2 mg/kg 3 hours 38%

It can be seen from this Table that compounds of the present inventionpossess good activity with regard to their ability to inhibit the5-lipoxygenase enzyme. Furthermore, several of the compoundsadministered at a single dose possess 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activityof long duration. For example, 87 at a dose of 2 mg/kg, still inhibits5-lipoxygenase activity by 94% at 6 hours post oral dosing.

These experiments also indicate that the compounds tested are orallybioavailable.

Example 12 Inhibition of 15-Lipoxygenase

This assay examines the ability of a compound to inhibit production of15-hydroxy-5,8,11, 13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) via the action of15-lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid. 15-lipoxygenase was purified fromrabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The enzyme isresponsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid (via oxygenation atcarbon 15 of arachidonic acid) to15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), which thenreduced to 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE).

The procedure for the assay is as follows. Arachidonic acid isco-incubated with 15-HETE for 5 min at 37° C. in the presence or absenceof different concentrations of test compound (10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁵ M).Production of 15-HETE in each sample is then measured byradioimmunoassay. The 15-HETE levels produced in the vehicle controlsample are then compared to these in which is the test compound has beenadded. From this a percent inhibition of 15-HETE production by eachconcentration of test compound is calculated and the IC₅₀ for inhibitionof 15-HETE production for each test compound is determined. The IC₅₀s(nM) are 1300, 170, 46, 61, and 110 for compounds 1, 32, 35, 52 and 80,respectively.

1. A compound of formula I″:

and the geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: X and X′ independently are hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, trifluoromethyl or —(Y′)_(m′)-W′; G and G′ together form

D is —CH═ or ═N—; R¹ and R² independently are hydrogen or together are —(CH₂)_(n)— in which n is equal to 0, 1, 2, or 3; m and m′ are independently 0 or 1; Y and Y′ are -L¹- or -L²-V(Z)_(t)-L³- in which t is 0 or 1; L¹ is alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q)-, or —N(R³)—; L² is (a) alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q′)-, or —N(R⁴)—, or (b) -L⁴-C(O)—N(Q′)- or -L⁴(Q′)-, or (c) a direct bond; L³ is (a) alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q″)-, or —N(R⁵)—, or (b) a direct bond; L⁴ is (a) alkylene; alkenylene, alkynylene, or one of the foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —N(Q″)-, or —N(R⁵)—, or (b) a direct bond; V is (a) a divalent arene, a divalent heteroarene, or a divalent saturated heterocycle when t is 0, or (b) a trivalent arene or trivalent heteroarene when t is 1, Q, Q′, and Q″ independently are hydrogen, -AC(O)OR⁶, or -AC(O)NR⁶R⁷; W and W′ independently are —N(OM)C(O)N(R⁸)R⁹, —N(R⁸)C(O)N(OM)R⁹, —N(OM)C(O)R⁸, —C(O)NR⁸R⁹, or —C(O)OR⁸, provided that at least one of W and W″ is —N(OM)C(O)N(R⁸)R⁹, —N(R⁸)C(O)N(OM)R⁹, or —N(OM)C(O)R⁸; Z is -A″N(OM′)C(O)N(R¹⁰)R¹¹, -A″N(R¹⁰)C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹, -A″N(OM′)C(O)R¹¹, -A′C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹, -A′C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, -A′C(O)OR¹⁰, halo, CH₃, NR³R⁴, NR³C(O)R⁴, NO₂, CN, CF₃, S(O)₂NR³R⁴, S(O)₂R³, SR³, or S(O)R³; A, A′ and A″ independently are a direct bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, yloalkylaryl, yloarylalkyl, or diyloalkylarene or one of the foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced with —O—, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)₂— and/or one or more methylidenes are replaced by ═N—; M and M′ independently are hydrogen, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, or a metabolically cleavable group; and R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, alkylarylalkyl, or one of the foregoing in which one or more methylenes are replaced by —O—, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)₂— and/or one or more methylidenes are replaced by ═N—; provided that, other than the oxygens bound to the sulfurs in —S(O)— and —S(O)₂—, when one or more methylenes are replaced with —O—, —NH—, —S—, —S(O)—, or —S(O)₂— and when one or more methylidenes are replaced with ═N—, such replacement does not result in two heteroatoms being covalently bound to each other; and further provided that when m is 0, W is not —C(O)NR⁸R⁹, or —C(O)OR⁸, and further provided that in the substituent -AC(O)OOR⁶, R⁶ cannot be hydrogen when A is a direct bond.
 2. The compound according to claim 1 having the formula III:

wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, and the geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 3. A compound selected from the group consisting of compounds:


4. The compound that is


5. A compound according to claim 1 wherein X and X′ independently are hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy or trifluoromethyl; W is —N(OM)C(O)N(R⁸)R⁹, —N(R⁸)C(O)N(OM)R⁹ or —N(OM)C(O)R⁸.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein L⁴ is alkylene Z is —N(OM′)C(O)N(R¹⁰)R¹¹, —N(R¹⁰)C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹, —N(OM′)C(O)R¹¹, -A′C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹, -A′C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ or -A′C(O)OR¹⁰.
 7. A compound according to claim 1 wherein X and X′ independently are —H, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy or trifluoromethyl; L⁴ is alkylene W is —N(OM)C(O)N(R⁸)R⁹, —N(R⁸)C(O)N(OM)R⁹ or —N(OM)C(O)R⁸; Z is —N(OM′)C(O)N(R¹⁰)R¹¹, —N(R¹⁰)C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹, —N(OM′)C(O)R¹¹, -A′C(O)N(OM′)R¹¹, -A′C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹ or -A′C(O)OR¹⁰.
 8. A compound according to claim 1 wherein when M or M′ is a metabolically cleavable group this is selected from an organic or inorganic anion, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, acyl, alkyl, phosphate, sulfate and sulfonate, NH₂C(O)— or (alkyl)OC(O)—.
 9. A compound according to claim 8 wherein acyl is (alkyl)C(O), including acetyl, propionyl and butyryl.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound according to claim
 1. 11. A method of treating asthma, the method comprising administering to a patient suffering from asthma an amount of a compound according to claim 1 sufficient to reduce or eliminate the asthma. 